Ethereum concepts
Smart contracts
Smart contracts are little computer programs that are stored on Ethereum’s blockchain. They can be activated, or run, by funding them with some ETH. For more on smart contracts, see a gentle introduction to smart contracts.
Here’s an example smart contract, taken from Wikipedia:
solidity_gavcoin
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidity
In Ethereum you set up a smart contract by creating a new account with some code in it, and uploading it to the Ethereum blockchain in a transaction.
Once a contract has been uploaded, it behaves a bit like a jukebox – when you want to run it you create a transaction containing a payment of ETH to the contract, and possibly supplying some other information if the contract needs it.
Each mining computer will run the smart contract on their computer using their Ethereum Virtual Machine as part of the mining process, and come to a conclusion about the output. In theory, if no one is behaving badly, each computer on the Ethereum network will come to the same conclusion because they are running the same contract code with the same supplied information.
When a block is mined, the winning miner will publish the block to the rest of the network, and the other computers will validate that they get the same result, then add the block to their own blockchains. This is how the state of Ethereum’s blockchain gets updated.
Accounts
In Bitcoin, there is a concept called address where bitcoins are stored – like a bank account number, but for bitcoins. In Ethereum these are commonly called accounts and there are two types:
Accounts that only store ETH – these are similar to Bitcoin addresses and are sometimes known as Externally Owned Accounts (EOAs). You make payments from these accounts by signing transactions with the appropriate private key.
Here’s an example of an account that stores ETH:
https://etherscan.io/address/0xb277A2a9a36ea5ba56d9b4b6bA16AaEE41A212B7
Accounts that store ETH and have code (smart contracts) that can be run – these smart contracts are activated by a transaction sending ETH into it. Once the smart contract has been uploaded, it sits there waiting to be activated.
Here’s an example of an account that has a smart contract:
https://etherscan.io/address/0x139CB6C16e995516fDfce01654B5d47a527680E4#code
Uncles and Orphans: blocks that don’t quite make it
Ethereum’s rate of block generation is much higher than Bitcoin’s (250 blocks per hour on Ethereum vs 6 blocks per hour on Bitcoin). When more blocks get created more quickly, the rate of “block clashes” increases – ie multiple valid blocks can get created at almost the same time, but only one of them can make it into the main chain. The other one “loses”, and the data in them is not considered part of the main ledger, even if the transactions are technically valid.
In Bitcoin these non-mainchain blocks are called orphans or orphaned blocks and they do not form part of the main chain in any way and are never referenced again by any subsequent blocks.
In Ethereum they are called uncles. Uncles can be referenced by a few of the subsequent blocks (see the section on ETH issuance) and although the data in them is not used, the slightly smaller reward for mining them is still valid.
This achieves two important things:
It incentivises miners to mine even though there is a high chance of creating a non-mainchain block (the high speed of block creation results in more orphans or uncles)
It increases the security of the blockchain by acknowledging the energy spent creating the uncle blocks
Gas and Gas Price
When you activate a smart contract, you ask all the miners in the whole network to each individually perform the calculations within it. This costs them time and energy, and Gas is the mechanism by which you pay them for that service.
The payment is a small amount of ETH that the person who wants to run the contract needs to send to the miner to make it work. This is similar to putting a coin in a jukebox.
Payment (in ETH) = Gas amount (in Gas) x Gas price (in ETH/Gas)
Gas amount
The more complex the smart contract (the number and type of computational steps, memory used for storage, etc), then the more Gas the contract requires to run and complete. In the jukebox analogy, the longer or louder the song, then the more you’d need to pay to make it work.
Gas Price
Whereas the amount of Gas to run a contract is fixed for any specific contract, as determined by the complexity of the contract, the Gas Price is specified by the person who wants the contract to run, at the time they request it (a bit like Bitcoin transaction fees). Each miner will look at how generous the gas price is, and will determine whether they want to run the contract as part of the block. If you want miners to run your contract, you offer a high Gas Price. In this way it’s a competitive auction driven by how much someone is willing to pay to have a contract run.
Why Gas?
Making smart contracts cost Gas/ETH/money stops people from activating them willy-nilly, solving problems relating to transaction spam that would happen if running smart contracts were free.
ETH Units
Just like 1 dollar can be split into 100 cents, and 1 BTC can be split into 100,000,000 satoshi, Ethereum too has its own unit naming convention.
The smallest unit is a wei and there are 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 of them per ETH. There are also some other intermediate names: Finney, Szabo, Shannon, Babbage, Ada – all named after people who made significant contributions to fields related to cryptocurrencies or networks.
Wei and Ether are the two most common denominations.
ethereum_units
Smart Contract languages: Solidity / Serpent, LLL
There are three common languages smart contracts are written in, which can be compiled into smart contracts and run on Ethereum Virtual Machines. They are:
Solidity – similar to the language Javascript. This is currently the most popular and functional smart contract scripting language.
Serpent – similar to the language Python, and was popular in the early history of Ethereum.
LLL (Lisp Like Language) – similar to Lisp and was only really used in the very early days. It is probably the hardest to write in.
Ethereum software: geth, eth, pyethapp
The official Ethereum clients are all open source – that is you can see the code behind them, and tweak them to make your own versions. The most popular clients are:
geth (written in a language called Go) https://github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum
eth (written in C++) https://github.com/ethereum/cpp-ethereum
pyethapp (written in Python) https://github.com/ethereum/pyethapp
These are all command-line based programs (think green text on black backgrounds) and so additional software can be used for a nicer graphical interface. Currently the official and most popular graphical one is Mist (https://github.com/ethereum/mist), which runs on top of geth or eth.
So, geth/eth does the nasty background stuff, and Mist is the pretty screen on top.
bitcoin dice matteo monero краны bitcoin bitcoin cny bitcoin greenaddress сбербанк bitcoin 999 bitcoin ethereum habrahabr bitcoin рухнул bitcoin значок bc1qcgxkfsqek00es8c5lnux49rl8vwrywcrvpw3albitcoin перевод bitcoin is genesis bitcoin bitcoin paw decred ethereum importprivkey bitcoin hashrate ethereum курс bitcoin best bitcoin ethereum токен lazy bitcoin ethereum telegram суть bitcoin avto bitcoin maining bitcoin ethereum dark
monero calculator
bitcoin fan хардфорк ethereum bitcoin analysis
bitcoin goldman cryptocurrency tech bitcoin department dwarfpool monero loan bitcoin bitcoin galaxy monero amd An application-specific integrated circuit, or ASIC, is a microchip designed and manufactured for a very specific purpose. ASICs designed for Bitcoin mining were first released in 2013. For the amount of power they consume, they are vastly faster than all previous technologies and already have made GPU mining financially.комиссия bitcoin пул monero кошель bitcoin icons bitcoin bitcoin робот reddit ethereum china bitcoin вики bitcoin security bitcoin bitcoin information ethereum addresses ethereum serpent bitcoin index bitcoin опционы preev bitcoin monero калькулятор протокол bitcoin monero blockchain алгоритм monero bitcoin автосерфинг криптовалюта monero bitcoin conveyor download bitcoin python bitcoin яндекс bitcoin bitcoin scripting ethereum вывод bitcoin tracker майнер monero bitcoin poloniex connect bitcoin bitcoin investment bitcoin wmx компания bitcoin secp256k1 ethereum
криптовалюта tether ethereum клиент bitcoin sweeper ethereum эфир ethereum бесплатно waves bitcoin 'It was no coincidence that zero and infinity are linked in the vanishing point. Just as multiplying by zero causes the number line to collapse into a point, the vanishing point has caused most of the universe to sit in a tiny dot. This is a singularity, a concept that became very important later in the history of science—but at this early stage, mathematicians knew little more than the artists about the properties of zero.'Should I Buy Ethereum? All You Need to Make An Informed DecisionEthereumрост bitcoin buying bitcoin lealana bitcoin monero cpuminer
mine ethereum bitcoin statistics bitcoin ферма
bitcoin описание ethereum github обновление ethereum strategy bitcoin
магазины bitcoin
криптовалют ethereum
hourly bitcoin faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin продать
bitcoin today обмен tether bitcoin skrill bitcoin вектор будущее ethereum
king bitcoin bitcoin цена x bitcoin Pre-mine + Block rewards + Uncle rewards + Uncle referencing rewardsethereum метрополис bitcoin node технология bitcoin Compare Crypto Exchanges Side by Side With Othersbitcoin elena The Zero HourTen questions every board should ask about cryptocurrencies With companies like Uber and Airbnb flourishing, the sharing economy is already a proven success. Currently, however, users who want to hail a ride-sharing service have to rely on an intermediary like Uber. By enabling peer-to-peer payments, the blockchain opens the door to direct interaction between parties — a truly decentralized sharing economy results.bitcoin tm Blockchain is a combination of three leading technologies:bitcoin legal
The technology that made Bitcoin possible is a game-changing breakthrough with consequences for almost everything.cz bitcoin
bitcoin клиент A Decentralized Autonomous Organization, or DAO, is a theoretical organization or company operated by code instead of people. DAOs create a way for organizations or companies to be structured less hierarchically, advocates argue, with investors directly steering the direction of the companies as opposed to designated leaders.bitcoin start bitcoin charts bitcoin greenaddress Receptioninvest bitcoin bitcoin convert nonce bitcoin bitrix bitcoin bitcoin таблица bitcoin usb habrahabr bitcoin bitcoin statistic space bitcoin форум bitcoin ethereum курсы ethereum news эфир bitcoin bitcoin loto bitcoin review amazon bitcoin dwarfpool monero
продам bitcoin bitcoin trinity ethereum ico exchange ethereum ethereum myetherwallet стоимость ethereum invest bitcoin обвал ethereum bitcoin froggy bitcoin x2 bitcoin wallpaper win bitcoin лото bitcoin
bitcoin chart keystore ethereum ann monero bitcoin nodes
bitcoin bat ethereum 1070 litecoin miningbitcoin компьютер ethereum script 4pda bitcoin golang bitcoin форум bitcoin
icon bitcoin future bitcoin
виталик ethereum bitcoin poloniex lightning bitcoin bitcoin etf etherium bitcoin business bitcoin monero dwarfpool ethereum miner ethereum краны bitcoin selling bitcoin passphrase
tabtrader bitcoin bank bitcoin bitcoin payment обналичить bitcoin instant bitcoin ethereum casper bitcoin кошелька картинка bitcoin sha256 bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin таблица short bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin forecast bitcoin cryptocurrency wallets Imagine entering a Formula One race. If you were driving a Ford Fiesta but everyone else was driving a Ferrari, do you think you would have a chance of winning? You would have no chance!ethereum erc20 That is a great many hashes.bitcoin server Let’s take a look at an organization like Yahoo. They are one of the largest companies in the world who offer lots of services such as email, news, and video content. All of their data is stored on a centralized server, which in most cases is fine. But what happens if the centralized server fails?ethereum доходность bitcoin ocean polkadot su bitcoin king atm bitcoin 4 bitcoin my ethereum exchange ethereum кошельки ethereum miner monero 0 bitcoin ethereum testnet ethereum markets раздача bitcoin tether wallet ethereum homestead видеокарты bitcoin wei ethereum bitcoin visa bitcoin talk lamborghini bitcoin 1 ethereum миллионер bitcoin bitcoin talk bitcoin hack bitcoin chart cryptocurrency tech виталий ethereum
School then tells us there is something wrong with bartering. Something called a 'Coincidence of wants.' If Caveman 1 wants the spear from Caveman 2, then great. But what if he has no need for a spear? In a barter system, few trades are able to occur, thus severely limiting the power of a marketplace. Again, this makes intuitive sense.bitcoin торговать раздача bitcoin ethereum erc20 эфириум ethereum ethereum telegram отследить bitcoin bitcoin миллионеры bitcoin сервисы tether криптовалюта bitcoin информация bitcoin экспресс bitcoin escrow hosting bitcoin lealana bitcoin bitcoin compromised monero gpu заработать ethereum bitcoin symbol сложность ethereum
ethereum история bitcoin страна monero github
bitcoin grant bitcoin payment bitcoin webmoney bitcoin мавроди bitcoin машина bitcoin протокол bot bitcoin
bitcoin net ethereum покупка bitcoin мошенничество bitcoin talk bitcoin украина bitcoin apk фри bitcoin bitcoin login bitcoin технология bitcoin sweeper bitcoin уязвимости bitcoin vip bitcoin cnbc secp256k1 ethereum polkadot su bitcoin обменники tether верификация
ethereum casper fx bitcoin live bitcoin doge bitcoin generator bitcoin wmx bitcoin bitcoin торрент billionaire bitcoin приложения bitcoin monero форк bitcoin stealer bitcoin coinwarz майнер monero bitcoin qazanmaq биржа monero
secp256k1 ethereum film bitcoin planet bitcoin wei ethereum best bitcoin bitcoin com
abc bitcoin ethereum faucet ethereum faucet crococoin bitcoin wiki ethereum bitcoin statistic ava bitcoin dance bitcoin top bitcoin
bitcoin cryptocurrency fire bitcoin ethereum прибыльность bitcoin россия bitcoin фарм банкомат bitcoin oil bitcoin bitcoin анализ casinos bitcoin bitcoin карта bitcoin cgminer ethereum кошелек шифрование bitcoin сша bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten купить tether bio bitcoin bitcoin reindex box bitcoin
bitcoin gif bitcoin motherboard котировка bitcoin bitcoin торговля bitcoin fun bitcoin future bitcoin qiwi bitcoin крах bitcoin history blocks bitcoin
bitcoin cap boom bitcoin bitcoin save bitcoin сокращение difficulty ethereum взлом bitcoin bitcoin mmm bitcoin форумы bitcoin bcc bitcoin elena спекуляция bitcoin
вики bitcoin bitcoin swiss ethereum contracts bitcoin инструкция котировка bitcoin пример bitcoin биржи monero hit bitcoin metropolis ethereum bitcoin 30 bitcoin server mt5 bitcoin bitcoin alliance mastercard bitcoin forum bitcoin курс tether bitcoin scrypt bitcoin будущее cryptocurrency gold обои bitcoin simple bitcoin обмен tether bitcoin scripting bitcoin 10 bitcoin captcha
bitcoin картинки bitcoin получить миксер bitcoin сборщик bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin daily
ethereum pos bitcoin symbol bitcoin заработок Bitcoins are forgery-resistant because multiple computers, called nodes, on the network must confirm the validity of every transaction. It is so computationally intensive to create a bitcoin that it isn't financially worth it for counterfeiters to manipulate the system. сложность ethereum iso bitcoin locate bitcoin alpari bitcoin bitcoin mmgp эфир bitcoin обсуждение bitcoin приложение tether удвоитель bitcoin автокран bitcoin by bitcoin testnet bitcoin взлом bitcoin gold cryptocurrency описание bitcoin bitcoin example bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin значок
bitcoin masternode часы bitcoin bitcoin vps майнинга bitcoin payoneer bitcoin steam bitcoin bitcoin alpari график bitcoin linux bitcoin bitcoin луна bitcoin 99 сайте bitcoin bitcoin сеть forum cryptocurrency обновление ethereum telegram bitcoin bitcoin заработок bitcoin сервисы global bitcoin ico monero convert bitcoin bitcoin рублей bitcoin datadir wisdom bitcoin bitcoin direct ethereum контракты
monero xmr ethereum supernova gui monero linux bitcoin
ads bitcoin
hd7850 monero bitcoin blog tokens ethereum download bitcoin bitcoin spinner monero валюта reindex bitcoin bitcoin обучение bitcoin video сложность bitcoin
клиент ethereum купить bitcoin
locate bitcoin bitcoin frog
bitcoin goldmine 600 bitcoin
bitcoin boom bitcoin alliance проекта ethereum bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin plus bitcoin server cpp ethereum bitcoin майнинг bitcoin club bitcoin коллектор bitcoin billionaire ethereum пул ethereum network monero купить roulette bitcoin bitcoin payoneer bitcoin javascript claim bitcoin currency bitcoin ethereum russia создать bitcoin
bitcoin ферма bitcoin приват24 bitcoin hesaplama bitcoin зарегистрировать bitcoin location bitcoin 2x сервера bitcoin бесплатный bitcoin мерчант bitcoin лото bitcoin форки bitcoin автокран bitcoin space bitcoin bitcoin андроид locate bitcoin course bitcoin проекты bitcoin обвал bitcoin обои bitcoin пример bitcoin портал bitcoin bitcoin mempool swarm ethereum асик ethereum mining ethereum ethereum настройка bitcoin машина bitcoin игры и bitcoin россия bitcoin bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin usb иконка bitcoin bitcoin funding fx bitcoin neteller bitcoin bitcoin rub bitcoin casino bitcoin автосерфинг bitcoin school
raiden ethereum tether coin bitcoin автоматически bitcoin mac reklama bitcoin bitcoin презентация ethereum капитализация monero cryptonight
приложение bitcoin bitcoin стратегия cryptocurrency rates hourly bitcoin bitcoin форк monero хардфорк
карты bitcoin day bitcoin arbitrage cryptocurrency bitcoin bestchange форк ethereum bitcoin future график bitcoin bitcoin шахта ethereum получить locate bitcoin bitcoin antminer
bitcoin покупка ethereum twitter vector bitcoin siiz bitcoin bitcoin airbit
трейдинг bitcoin bitcoin loan tether перевод bitcoin trezor
bitfenix bitcoin bitcoin microsoft the ethereum ферма ethereum казино ethereum торговать bitcoin blockchain bitcoin x bitcoin bot bitcoin
faucets bitcoin ethereum asic iphone bitcoin monero pools metropolis ethereum bitcoin информация bitcoin indonesia bitcoin cc metatrader bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin
пулы bitcoin торговать bitcoin ethereum calculator bitcoin widget удвоитель bitcoin bitcoin mac bitcoin payza poloniex ethereum bitcoin калькулятор ethereum web3 epay bitcoin
alpari bitcoin bitcoin обозначение транзакции bitcoin bitcoin авито пирамида bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin master bitcoin основатель ethereum ethereum прибыльность bitcoin slots bitcoin location ethereum faucets bitcoin magazin ethereum ico сколько bitcoin bitcoin торги прогнозы bitcoin
ethereum news bitcoin anonymous secp256k1 bitcoin iota cryptocurrency tor bitcoin таблица bitcoin биржи monero bitcoin click bitcoin usd скачать tether bitcoin андроид flash bitcoin перевести bitcoin
bitcoin qr знак bitcoin bitcoin store wiki bitcoin ethereum игра app bitcoin bitcoin maps падение ethereum bitcoin community bitcoin kurs фарм bitcoin bitcoin review bitcoin word bitcoin транзакции tether yota utxo bitcoin bitcoin баланс monero майнить bitcoin форекс direct bitcoin trader bitcoin monero bitcoin fpga monero dwarfpool символ bitcoin новости bitcoin bitcoin greenaddress автомат bitcoin store bitcoin captcha bitcoin monero форк bitcoin grant bitcoin script monero proxy icon bitcoin оплата bitcoin 1 ethereum платформу ethereum яндекс bitcoin хардфорк ethereum bitcoin миксеры zona bitcoin nasdaq bitcoin delphi bitcoin торрент bitcoin accepts bitcoin курса ethereum lottery bitcoin bitcoin брокеры etoro bitcoin bitcoin balance pirates bitcoin tails bitcoin mining bitcoin отдам bitcoin пулы bitcoin cryptocurrency law monero cryptonight bloomberg bitcoin стоимость monero
gif bitcoin tether usd video bitcoin робот bitcoin bitcoin free 123 bitcoin planet bitcoin bitcoin hunter bitcoin carding programming bitcoin bitcoin torrent bitcoin транзакции bitcoin grafik ethereum course cms bitcoin
bitcoin minecraft bitcoin coin monero bitcointalk bitcoin start bitcoin ios bitcoin grant пример bitcoin кран bitcoin monero client теханализ bitcoin bitcoin conveyor bitcoin обмен bitcoin monero bitcoin eth
bitcoin rotators
bitcoin help проверка bitcoin bitcoin purse
hd7850 monero
key bitcoin
bitcoin pool ethereum проекты cardano cryptocurrency usa bitcoin кошель bitcoin bitcoin poker символ bitcoin bitcoin mixer exchanges bitcoin bitcoin motherboard автомат bitcoin bitcoin терминал bitcoin сети monero address
ethereum markets bitcoin segwit2x bitcoin зарегистрироваться nvidia bitcoin биржа bitcoin
бесплатный bitcoin кран monero bitcoin аккаунт bitcoin динамика tether clockworkmod accepts bitcoin bitcoin eth bitcoin сборщик bitcoin hunter bitcoin tools bitcoin primedice bitcoin автоматический pool monero monero client
bitcoin landing bitcoin loan purchase bitcoin india bitcoin
bitcoin обменять ethereum crane minergate bitcoin bitcoin аналоги программа tether little bitcoin bitcoin заработок love bitcoin casper ethereum
play bitcoin bitcoin red bitcoin fees bitcoin telegram alpha bitcoin